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The ground-bow or a earth-bow is a single-string bow-shaped folk musical instrument, classified as a chordophone. It is known in cultures of equatorial 〔("Ground Bow" ), ''Encyclopedia Britannica''〕 and south〔()〕 Africa, and in other cultures with African roots. It consists of a flexible stick planted into the ground (possibly a stripped sapling or a branch〔), with a string from its free end to a resonator of some kind based on a pit in the ground.〔("Arco de tierra" ), referring to François-René Tranchefort, ''Los instrumentos musicales en el mundo'', ISBN 8420685208, 1985, and later editions〕 It looks like a game trap or a child toy, therefore its distribution over Africa used to be overlooked. Hornbostel (1933) classified is in the category of harps, although is has combined characteristics of a harp and a musical bow.〔Jaco Kruger, ("Rediscovering the Venda Ground-Bow" ), ''Ethnomusicology'', Vol. 33, No. 3 (Autumn, 1989), pp. 391-404〕 The resonator may be a a pit covered by a board, with string attached to it.〔 Kruges describes several other constructions by Venda, eg., the other end of a string is tied to a stone dropped into the pit, with string passing through the board covering the pit, etc.〔 Other names include "ground harp" (Sachs, 1940, ''History of Musical Instruments'') and ground-bass. It is called ''kalinga'' or ''galinga'' by Venda people. In their language "galinga" means simply a hole in the ground, while the origins of "kalinga" are uncertain.〔 It is known as ''gayumba'' in Haiti,〔 Dominican Republic,〔Fradique Lizardo, ''Instrumentos musicales indígenas dominicanos'', 1975,(Section "Gayumba", p.64 ) 〕 and ''tumbandera'' in Haitian traditions of Cuba.〔''Music in Latin America and the Caribbean: An Encyclopedic History'' , vol.2, (p.210 )〕〔()〕 Baka people call it ''angbindi''.〔()〕 It is also known in Cuba under the onomatopoeic name ''tingo-talango'' (''tingotalango'').〔("CUBANISM: WHAT IS The “Tíngo Talángo” ?" )〕〔("TINGO TALANGO, son, Auteur : Julio CUEVA )〕 Julio Cueva's song ''Tingo Talango'' dedicated to this musical instrument describes its construction thusly:
''Tingo Talango'' is also the song by Ñico Lora. The instrument is reportedly nearly-extinct in the native cultures.〔〔 ==Playing techniques== ''Kalinga'' may be struck by a stick or plucked in various ways. The bow stick may be bent to change the tension of the string, and hence the tone. It can be played in a glissando manner: the stick is bent, struck, and released, producing a peculiar sound. The produced pitches are not always stable.〔 Kalinga is usually is played as a to provide repetitive accompaniment to the choral song.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ground bow」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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